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| Umm Kulthum |
 |
| Background information |
| Birth name |
Fatima Ibrahim |
| Also known as |
Oum Kalthoum, Om Kalsoum, Om Koulsum, Om Kalthoum, Oumme Kalsoum, Umm Kolthoum, Om Koultoum |
| Born |
December 30, 1898
Tamay Ez-Zahayra, El Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate,Ottoman Empire |
| Died |
February 3, 1975 (aged 76)
Cairo, Egypt |
| Genres |
Arabic classical music |
| Occupations |
Singer, actress |
| Years active |
c. 1924–73 |
| Labels |
EMI Arabia |
| Associated acts |
Fairuz
Abdel Halim Hafez
Mohammed Abdel Wahab
Maria Callas |
Umm Kulthum (
Arabic:
أم كلثوم
ʾUmm Kulṯūm;
Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [omme kælˈsuːm]), born
Fātimah ʾIbrāhīm as-Sayyid al-Biltāǧī (
فاطمة إبراهيم السيد البلتاجي [ˈfɑtˤmɑ (ʔe)bɾˤɑˈhiːm esˈsæjjed elbelˈtæːɡi]; see
Kunya) on an uncertain date (December 30, 1898 or May 4, 1904?
[1]) and who died February 3, 1975, was an internationally famous
Egyptian singer, songwriter, and film actress of the 1930s to the 1970s. She was born in the village of Tamay ez-Zahayra in the
Nile Delta. She is known as
Kawkab al-Sharq ("Star of the East") in
Arabic.
More than three decades after her death in 1975, she is still widely
regarded as the greatest female singer in Arabic music history. Her
stage name, Umm Kulthoum, means 'Mother of Kalthoum' and was the name of
one of the Prophet
Muhammad's daughters.
[2] Her name is transcribed in numerous ways into English, commonly spelled
Om Kalsoum,
Om Koultom, or
Omme Kolsoum on her records (the Arabic letter ث /th/ being commonly pronounced /s/ in Egyptian Arabic).
Biography
Early life
Umm Kulthum was born in the village of Tamay ez-Zahayra belonging to the city of
El Senbellawein,
Dakahlia Governorate, in the
Nile Delta.
Her birth date is unconfirmed, as birth registration was not enforced
throughout the Arab world in that era. The Egyptian Ministry of
Information seems to have given either December 31, 1898, or December
31, 1904.
[3] Her English biographer, Virginia Danielson (see "Sources" below) ventures it was May 4, 1904.
At a young age, she showed exceptional singing talent. Her father, an
imam at the local mosque, taught her to recite the
Qur'an,
and she is said to have memorized the entire book. When she was 12
years old, her father disguised her as a young boy and entered her in a
small performing troupe that he directed. At the age of 16, she was
noticed by
Mohamed Aboul Ela,
a modestly famous singer, who taught her the old classical Arab
repertoire. A few years later, she met the famous composer and
oudist Zakariyya Ahmad, who invited her to come to
Cairo.
Although she made several visits to Cairo in the early 1920s, she
waited until 1923 before permanently moving there. She was invited on
several occasions to the house of Amin Beh Al Mahdy, who taught her to
play the
oud,
a type of lute. She developed a close relationship to Rawheya Al Mahdi,
Amin's daughter, and became her closest friend. Kulthum even attended
Rawheya's daughter's wedding, although she normally preferred to avoid
appearing in public (off stage).
Amin Al Mahdi introduced her to the cultural circles in Cairo. In
Cairo, she carefully avoided succumbing to the attractions of the
bohemian
lifestyle, and indeed, throughout her life, stressed her pride in her
humble origins and espousal of conservative values. She also maintained a
tightly managed public image, which undoubtedly added to her allure.
At this point in her career, she was introduced to the famous poet
Ahmad Rami, who wrote 137 songs for her. Rami also introduced her to
French literature, which he greatly admired from his studies at the
Sorbonne,
Paris, and eventually became her head mentor in
Arabic literature and literary analysis. Furthermore, she was introduced to the renowned
oud virtuoso and composer
Mohamed El Qasabgi.
El Qasabgi introduced Umm Kulthum to the Arabic Theatre Palace, where
she would experience her first real public success. In 1932, her fame as
a singer increased through sales of her records to the point where she
embarked upon a major tour of the
Middle East, performing in important Arab cities such as
Damascus, Syria;
Baghdad, Iraq;
Beirut and
Tripoli, Lebanon.
Fame
|
|
This section may contain wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please
remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations
about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate
that importance. (June 2010) |
Umm Kulthum's establishment as one of the most famous and popular
Arab singers was driven by several factors. During her early career
years, she faced staunch competition from two prominent singers:
Mounira El Mahdeya
and Fathiyya Ahmad, who had equally beautiful and powerful voices.
However, Mounira had poor control over her voice, and Fathiyya lacked
the emotive vocal impact that Umm Kulthum's voice had. The presence of
all these enabling vocal characteristics attracted the most famous
composers, musicians, and lyricists to work with Umm Kulthum.
In the mid-1920s, Mohammad el Qasabgi, who was the most virtuosic oud
player and one of the most accomplished yet understated Arab composers
of the 20th century, formed her small orchestra (
takht),
composed of the most virtuosic instrumentalists. Furthermore, unlike
most of her contemporary artists who held private concerts, Umm
Kulthum's performances were open to the general public, which
contributed to the transition from classical, and often elitist, to
popular Arabic music.
By 1934, Umm Kulthum was one of the most famous singers in Egypt to
be chosen as the artist to inaugurate Radio Cairo with her voice on May
31.
[citation needed]
Over the second half of the 1930s, two initiatives sealed the fate of
Umm Kulthum as the most popular and famous Arab singer: her appearances
in musical movies and the live broadcasting of her concerts performed on
the first Thursday of each month of her musical season from October to
June. Her influence kept growing and expanding beyond the artistic
scene: the reigning royal family would request private concerts and even
attend her public performances.
In 1944,
King Farouk I of Egypt decorated her with the highest level of orders (
nishan el kamal),
a decoration reserved exclusively to members of the royal family and
politicians. Despite this recognition, the royal family rigidly opposed
her potential marriage to the King's uncle, a rejection that deeply
wounded her pride and led her to distance herself from the royal family
and embrace grassroots causes, such as her answering the request of the
Egyptian legion trapped in
Falujah during the
1948 Arab-Israeli conflict
to sing a particular song. Among the army men trapped were the figures
who were going to lead the bloodless revolution of July 23, 1952,
prominently
Gamal Abdel Nasser, who arguably was a fan of Umm Kulthum and who would later become the president of Egypt.
Early after the revolution, the Egyptian musicians guild of which she
became a member (and eventually president) rejected her because she had
sung for the then-deposed King Farouk of Egypt. When Nasser discovered
that her songs were forbidden from being aired on the radio, he
reportedly said something to the effect of "What are they, crazy? Do you
want Egypt to turn against us?"
[5]
It was his favor that made the musicians' guild accept her back into
the fold; but it is uncertain if that happened. In addition, Umm Kulthum
was a dedicated Egyptian patriot since the time of King Farouk. Some
claim that Umm Kulthum's popularity helped Nasser's political agenda.
For example, Nasser's speeches and other government messages were
frequently broadcast immediately after Umm Kulthum's monthly radio
concerts. Umm Kulthum was also known for her continuous contributions to
charity works for the Egyptian military efforts. Umm Kulthum's monthly
concerts took place on the first Thursday of every month and were
renowned for their ability to clear the streets of some of the world's
most populous cities as people rushed home to tune in.
Her songs deal mostly with the universal themes of love, longing and
loss. They are nothing short of epic in scale, with durations measured
in hours rather than minutes. A typical Umm Kulthum concert consisted of
the performance of two or three songs over a period of three to four
hours. In the late 1960s, due to her age and weakened vocal abilities,
she began to shorten her performances to two songs over a period of
two-and-a-half to three hours. These performances are in some ways
reminiscent of the structure of Western
opera,
consisting of long vocal passages linked by shorter orchestral
interludes. However, Umm Kulthum was not stylistically influenced by
opera, and she sang solo most of her career.
During the 1930s, her repertoire took the first of several specific
stylistic directions. Her songs were virtuosic, as befit her newly
trained and very capable voice, and romantic and modern in musical
style, feeding the prevailing currents in Egyptian popular culture of
the time. She worked extensively with texts by romantic poet
Ahmad Rami and composer Mohammad El-Qasabgi, whose songs incorporated European instruments such as the
violoncello and
double bass, as well as
harmony.
Golden age
Umm Kulthum's musical directions in the 1940s and early 1950s and her
mature performing style led this period to becoming popularly known as
"the golden age" of Umm Kulthum. In keeping with changing popular taste
as well as her own artistic inclinations, in the early 1940s, she
requested songs from composer
Zakariya Ahmad and colloquial poet
Mahmud Bayram el-Tunsi
cast in styles considered to be indigenously Egyptian. This represented
a dramatic departure from the modernist romantic songs of the 1930s,
mainly led by Mohammad El-Qasabgi. Umm Kulthum had abstained from
singing Qasabgi's music since the early 1940s. Their last stage song
collaboration in 1941 was "Raq el Habib" ("The Lover's Heart Softens"),
one of her most popular, intricate, and high-caliber songs.
The reason for the separation is not clear. It is speculated that this was due in part to the popular failure of the movie
Aida,
in which Umm Kulthum sings mostly Qasabgi's compositions, including the
first part of the opera. Qasabgi was experimenting with Arabic music,
under the influence of classical European music, and was composing a lot
for
Asmahan,
a singer who immigrated to Egypt from Lebanon and was the only serious
competitor for Umm Kulthum before Asmahan's tragic death in a car
accident in 1944.
Simultaneously, Umm Kulthum started to rely heavily on a younger
composer who joined her artistic team a few years earlier: Riad
El-Sombati. While Sombati was evidently influenced by Qasabgi in those
early years, the melodic lines he composed were more lyrical and more
acceptable to Umm Kulthum's audience. The result of collaborations with
Rami/Sombati and al-Tunisi/Ahmad was a populist and popular repertoire
that had lasting appeal for the Egyptian audience.
Umm Kulthum singing around 1960
In 1946, Umm Kulthum defied all odds by presenting a religious poem
in classical Arabic during one of her monthly concerts, "Salou Qalbi"
("Ask My Heart"), written by
Ahmad Shawqi
and composed by Sombati. The success was immediate. It reconnected Umm
Kulthum with her early singing years, defined Sombati's unique style in
composing and established him as the best composer of music for poems in
classical Arabic, toppling
Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
Similar poems written by Shawqi were subsequently composed by Sombati
and sung by Umm Kulthum, including "Woulida el Houda" ("The Prophet is
Born"; 1949), in which she raised eyebrows of royalists by singing a
verse that describes the
Prophet Mohammad as "the
Imam of
Socialists".
At the peak of her career, in 1950, Umm Kulthum sang Sombati's
composition of excerpts of what Ahmad Rami considered the accomplishment
of his career: the translation into classical Arabic of
Omar Khayyám's quartets (
Rubayyiat el Khayyam). The song included quartets that dealt with both
epicurism and
redemption.
Ibrahim Nagi's poem "Al-Atlal" ("The Ruins"), composed by Sonbati and premiered in 1966, is considered by many
[who?]
as Umm Kulthum's best song. While this is debatable, as Umm Kulthum's
vocal abilities had regressed considerably by then, the song can be
viewed as the last example of genuine Arabic music at a time when even
Umm Kulthum had started to compromise by singing Western-influenced
pieces composed by her old rival Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
The duration of Umm Kulthum's songs in performance was not fixed, but
varied based on the level of emotive interaction between the singer and
her audience and Umm Kulthum's own mood for creativity. An
improvisatory technique, which was typical of old classical Arabic
singing, and which she wonderfully executed for as long as she could
have (both her regressing vocal abilities with age and the increased
Westernization of Arabic music became an impediment to this art), was to
repeat a single line or stance over and over, subtly altering the
emotive emphasis and intensity and exploring one or various musical
modal scales (
maqām)
each time to bring her audiences into a euphoric and ecstatic state
known in Arabic as "tarab" طرب. For example, the available live
performances (about 30) of
Ya Zalemni, one of her most popular songs, varied in length from 45 to 90 minutes, depending on both her creative mood for
improvisations
and the audience request for more repetitions, illustrating the dynamic
relationship between the singer and the audience as they fed off each
other's emotional energy.
The spontaneous creativity of Umm Kulthum as a singer is most
impressive when, upon listening to these many different renditions of
the same song over a time span of five years (1954–1959), the listener
is offered a totally unique and different experience. This intense,
highly personalized relationship was undoubtedly one of the reasons for
Umm Kulthum's tremendous success as an artist. Worth noting though that
the length of a performance did not necessarily reflect either its
quality or the improvisatory creativity of Umm Kulthum. Some of her best
performances were 25–45 minutes in duration, such as the three
available renditions, including the commercial version of
El Awwila Fi'l Gharam ("First in Love"), and
Ana Fi Intizarak
("I am waiting for you"), (commercial and 3-3-1955 performance). On the
other hand, her songs as of the mid-1960s would extend sometimes over a
duration of two hours (premiere of
Enta Omri,
Enta el Hobb,
etc.); however, the repetitions, mostly executed upon the request of
the audience, were often devoid of creative musical improvisations and
limited to vocal colorful variations on a syllable, letter or word.
Around 1965, Umm Kulthum started cooperating with composer Mohammed
Abdel Wahab. Her first song composed by Abdel Wahab, "Enta Omri" (You
are my Life"), was considered the "summit meeting". Several beautiful
songs composed by Abdel Wahab followed, such as "Amal Hayati" ("The Hope
of my Life"), "Fakkarouni" ("They reminded Me"), and others.
Umm Kulthum also sang for composers Mohammad El Mougi and Sayyed Mikkawi.
Death and funeral
The "Star of the East" died February 3, 1975 at age 76. Her funeral
procession became a national event, with millions of grief-stricken
Egyptians lining the streets to catch a glimpse as her cortege passed,
[1] even more than the crowds that attended the funeral procession of Umm Kalthoum's contemporary, President
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Artistic legacy
Monument to Umm Kulthum in
Zamalek,
Cairo. It is located on the site of the former house of the singer.
Umm Kulthum has been a significant influence on a number of musicians, both in the
Arab World and beyond. Among others,
Jah Wobble has claimed her as a significant influence on his work.
Bob Dylan has been quoted as saying, "She's great. She really is. Really great."
[6][7] Maria Callas,
Jean-Paul Sartre,
Marie Laforêt,
Salvador Dalí,
Nico,
Bono,
Farin Urlaub, and
Led Zeppelin[8] are also known to be admirers of Kulthum's music.
[citation needed] Youssou N'Dour, a fan of hers since childhood, recorded his 2004 album
Egypt with an Egyptian orchestra in homage to her legacy.
[9]
One of her best-known songs, "Enta Omri", has been the basis of many
reinterpretations, including one 2005 collaborative project involving
Israeli and Egyptian artists.
She was referred to as the Lady by
Charles de Gaulle and is regarded as the Incomparable Voice by
Maria Callas.
Umm Kulthum is remembered in Egypt, the Middle East, and the Arab world
as one of the greatest singers and musicians to have ever lived. It is
difficult to accurately measure her vocal range at its peak, as most of
her songs were recorded live, and she was careful not to strain her
voice due to the extended length of her songs. Even today, she has
retained a near-mythical status among young Egyptians. She is also
notably popular in Israel among
Jews (of
Mizrahi/
Arab background) and
Arabs
alike, and her records continue to sell about a million copies a year.
In 2001, the Egyptian government opened the Kawkab al-Sharq (Star of the
East) Museum in the singer's memory. Housed in a pavilion on the
grounds of Cairo's Manesterly Palace, the collection includes a range of
Umm Kulthum's personal possessions, including her trademark sunglasses
and scarves, along with photographs, recordings, and other archival
material.
[10]
Voice
Kulthum had a
contralto vocal range.
[11]